Green Tea: The infusion of health

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Green tea has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries to treat everything from headaches to depression. Originally cultivated in East Asia, this plant grows as large as a shrub or tree. Today, Camellia sinensis grows throughout Asia and parts of the Middle East and Africa.

The leaves are supposedly richer in antioxidants than other types of tea because of the way they are processed.

Green tea contains B vitamins, folate (naturally occurring folic acid), manganese, potassium, magnesium, caffeine and other antioxidants, notably catechins.

All types of tea – green, black and oolong – are produced from the Camellia sinensis plant using different methods. Fresh leaves from the plant are steamed to produce green tea, while the leaves of black tea and oolong involve fermentation.

Green tea is alleged to boost weight loss, reduce cholesterol, combat cardiovascular disease, prevent cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Antioxidants are substances that fight free radicals, damaging compounds in the body that change cells, damage DNA, and even cause cell death. Many scientists believe that free radicals contribute to the aging process, as well as the development of a number of health problems, including cancer and heart disease. Antioxidants, such as polyphenols in green tea, can neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause.

In traditional Chinese and Indian medicine, practitioners used green tea as a stimulant, a diuretic (to help rid the body of excess fluid), an astringent (to control bleeding and help heal wounds), and to improve heart health. Other traditional uses of green tea include treating gas, regulating body temperature and blood sugar, promoting digestion, and improving mental processes.In recent years, the health benefits of consuming green tea, including the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular In recent years, the health benefits of consuming green tea, including the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, the anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antibacterial, antiangiogenic, antioxidative, antiviral, neuroprotective, and cholesterol-lowering effects of green tea and isolated green tea constituents are under investigation. However, adding green tea to the diet may cause other serious health concerns.
The health-promoting effects of green tea are mainly attributed to its polyphenol content, particularly flavanols and flavonols, which represent 30% of fresh leaf dry weight. Recently, many of the aforementioned beneficial effects of green tea were attributed to its most abundant catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG).

GREEN TEA EXTRACTS are more stable than pure epigallocatechin gallate, one of the major constituents of green tea, because of the presence of other antioxidant constituents in the extract. In general, herbal medicines are complex mixtures of different compounds that often act in a synergistic fashion to exert their full beneficial effect.

We’ve teamed up with the British Dietetic Association (BDA) to examine whether the myriad health claims made about green tea are supported by the evidence.

The evidence on green tea

Does drinking green tea protect you from cancer?

There is no evidence drinking green tea protects against different types of cancer. A review from 2009 involving 51 studies, with more than 1.6 million participants, looked for an association between drinking green tea and cancers of the bowel, prostate, breast, mouth and lungs. The authors of the review concluded evidence of a link between green tea and cancer was weak and “highly contradictory” in human.

Can green tea aid weight loss?

It’s thought the antioxidants catechin and caffeine found in green tea may have a role in helping the body burn more calories – sometimes referred to as speeding up the metabolism – which can help weight loss and increase mental focus and concentration during endourance and high intensity training.

Green tea preparations used for losing weight are extracts of green tea that contain a higher concentration of catechins and caffeine than the typical green tea beverage prepared from a tea bag and boiling water.A well-conducted review from 2012 of 18 studies involving 1,945 people found no significant effect of weight loss from drinking green tea infused.

Endurance athletes may also benefit from an increased capacity to oxidize fat. Augmenting fat oxidation during exercise has been shown to spare muscle glycogen. Endurance exercise training is known to increase fat oxidation rates, reducing the utilization of glycogen during exercise and thus delaying the onset of fatigue and enhancing endurance capacity and performance. Research over the past 2 decades has focused on strategies and interventions to enhance rates of fat oxidation at rest and during exercise. These include exercise training, high-fat diets, low-carbohydrate diets, and, more recently, the use of specific foods, usually in the form of dietary supplements.

During a single exercise bout, fat oxidation rates are upregulated (up to 10-fold compared with rest) to meet the energy demands of the working muscles. The contribution of fat and carbohydrate to overall energy expenditure (EE)2 depends on exercise intensity, duration, training status, and diet . However, it has been determined that maximal fat oxidation rates occur when exercise is performed at a moderate intensity. This intensity has been referred to as FatMax, and although highly individual, it typically occurs at 45–65% VO2max . The most effective way to increase fat oxidation is through endurance exercise training, which is associated with skeletal muscle adaptations in favor of enhancing fat metabolism. The primary adaptation that occurs is associated with an augmentation to mitochondrial density, otherwise known as mitochondrial biogenesis. In addition, endurance exercise training induces increased expression of oxidative enzymes and proteins involved in FAT transport, uptake, and oxidation, which can overcome some of the limiting factors to oxidizing fat. Further, adaptations also occur to enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain.

Many of these beneficial effects of green tea are related to its catechin, particularly (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, content. There is evidence from in vitro and animal studies on the underlying mechanisms of green tea catechins and their biological actions. There are also human studies on using green tea catechins to treat metabolic syndrome, such as obesity, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors.

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databases:

NHS UK

Pubmed (1980-2009), EMBASE (1980-2009), Allied and complementary Medicine Database (AMED, 1985-2009) and China Journals Full Text Database (1975-2009)

University of Maryland Medical Center